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殼病
英文名稱:Shell disease
作者:涂堅 | 建立日期:2008/12/22 | 更新日期:2009/09/04
1. 疾病描述
1.病原概述
病原型別:細菌
病原環境: 海水
學名:
病名(及俗名):Chitinolytic bacterial disease, Epizootic shell disease.
最早發現者:Malloy等(1978) 在龍蝦發現。
OIE狀況:未表列(Not listed)
病原摘要:
基丁質溶解革蘭氏陰性細菌及偽單孢菌(Pseudomonas), 弧菌(Vibrio) 及產黃桿菌科 (Flavobacteriaceae)的細菌均被分離過。
人畜共通:否
2.病原分類
Pseudomonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Flavobacteriaceae科, Cytophaga-,
Flavobacter 及 Alpha proteobacteria groups;Oceanobacillus,Staphylococcus屬.。
別名:
命名沿革:
3.疾病特性:
(感染組織及器官:感染路徑、好發組織器官、宿主)
感染宿主為美國龍蝦Homarus americanus, 眼斑龍蝦Panulirus argu、螃蟹、蝦及螯蝦。主要的感染組織為外殼。
疾病型態及流行病學:(急性或慢性型態、器官傳播分佈情形)
慢性病程。主要地理分佈在北美東岸。
臨床症狀及病理學:
在患部的外骨骼出現凹陷、腐蝕、黑色素沉著,細菌一般不會入侵下層組織。感染龍蝦會出現外層外殼沉著、黑色素化、血淋細胞浸潤、偽膜形成。龍蝦在脫殼中期,及被動的脫殼前期,其外殼發展也會在病灶處形成膜的增生。Smolowitz et al. (2005) 描述三種殼病的型別,1.由環繞剛毛(setae)四週的圓形局部糜爛病灶開始,當病情嚴重時局部病灶會融合在一起,通常發生在被關在水槽的捕獲龍蝦。2. 形成燒灼點(burn spot)或腐蝕點(rust spot),或個別出現圓形變黑的局部糜爛病灶,這種病灶似乎起源於全身外殼表面不同部位的孔及凹陷,由於黴菌感染 (例如Fusarium sp.) 引起 ,通常發生在被關在水槽的捕獲龍蝦。3. 嚴重糜爛的殼病(流行性殼病,"epizootic shell disease"),出現中度及深度的糜爛,流出外殼基質形成柱狀骨架的病灶。本病盛行率在較大龍蝦及抱卵母蝦較高,暗示本病發生與脫殼頻率呈反比。
病原致病性意義:(實際魚場及田間發病、抗藥性等情形)
殼病引起的外殼變形降低市售價直。輕度及中度程度殼病不會致死,嚴重時還是會死亡。研究顯示殼病會改變龍蝦體內蛻皮激素濃度,引起龍蝦脫去受損的殼,也許這是一種自我保護方法。

圖片參考來源:http://gazette.gmu.edu/articles/9705/

圖片參考來源:http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/pub/reprints/LobsterWorkshopMS-jgk.pdf
2. 診斷方式
一級初步診斷:觀察外殼上被黑褐色色素包圍的糜爛基丁質。
二級初步診斷:以 marine agar or equivalent media分離細菌。測試可否溶解懸浮生理食鹽水中的基丁質片或或可否在含基丁質顆粒的營養培養基上菌落四週形成透明環。
三級初步診斷:生化鑑定細菌。
一級確定診斷:無
二級確定診斷:無
三級確定診斷: 利用PCR增幅16S rDNA 基因,定序及進行比對。
引子序列
Fwd; 5_ AGA GTT TGA TCH TGG CTY AG 3_:
Rev; 5_ ACG GNT ACC TTG TTA CGA CTT 3_
放大出1500 bp的 16s rDNA.
3. 治療方法
4. 預防措施
詳細討論疫苗發展現況及飼養管理控制現況
1.將感染龍蝦由暫時飼養處移除。
2.降低暫時養殖密度,改善水質。
3.改善暫時養殖龍蝦的營養程度有助於增強龍蝦抵抗力。
5. 參考資料
Castro, K.M. and T.E. Angell. 2000. Prevalence and progression of shell disease in American lobster, Homarus americanus, from Rhode Island waters and the offshore canyons. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 691-700.
Chistoserdov, A.Y., R. Smolowitz, F. Mirasol and A. Hsu. 2005. Culture-dependent characterization of the microbial community associated with epizootic shell disease lesions in American lobster, Homarus americanus. Journal of Shellfish Research 24: 741-747.
Estrella, B.T. 1991. Shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards, 1837) from Massachusetts coastal waters with consideration for standardizing sampling. Journal of Shellfish Research 10: 483-488.
Fisher, W.S. 1988. Shell disease of lobsters. In: C.J. Sindermann and D.V. Lightner (eds.). Disease Diagnosis and Control in North American Aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science 17. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 236-239.
Getchell, R.G. 1989. Bacterial shell disease in crustaceans: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research 8: 1-6.
Laufer, H., N. Demir and W.J. Biggers. 2005. Response of the American lobster to the stress of shell disease. Journal of Shellfish Research 24: 757-760.
Malloy, S.C. 1978. Bacterial induced shell disease of lobsters (Homarus americanus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14: 2-10.
Phoenix Becker, Roxanna Smolowitz, Morgan Porter, Andrea Hsu, and Steven Roberts 2004. Characterization of Bacteria Associated With Lobster Shell Disease Biol. Bull. 207: 171.
Porter, L., M. Butler and R.H. Reeves. 2001. Normal bacterial flora of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus and its possible role in shell disease. Marine and Freshwater Research 52: 1402-1405.
Prince, L.D., R.C. Bayer, M.L. Gallagher and M. Subramanyam. 1995. Reduction of shell disease with an experimental diet in a Nova Scotian lobster pound. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 205-207.
Smolowitz, R.M., R.A. Bullis and D.A. Abt. 1992. Pathologic cuticular changes of winter impoundment shell disease preceding and during intermolt in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. The Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole, Mass.) 183: 99-112.
Smolowitz, R., A.Y. Chistoserdov and A. Hsu. 2005. A description of the pathology of epizootic shell disease in the American lobster, Homarus americanus, H. Milne Edwards 1873. Journal of Shellfish Research 24: 749-756.
Ziskowski, J., R. Spallone, D. Kapareiko, R. Robohm, A. Calabrese and J. Pereira. 1996. Shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the offshore, northwest-Atlantic Region around the 106-mile sewage-sludge disposal site. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering 3: 247-271.